A Junction which connects you with links and punjabi portals worldwide.
www.punjabiforum.blogspot.com is a blend of the various elements like songs, music, news, latest issues, articles, interviews, religion, community, quiz & live chat.
We try to highlight the issues that are closer to our community.
Punjabi Forum Portal is a Junction which brings to you all your favorite Punjabi music releases, news from around the world, and events happening all around the world.
Punjabi culture is one of the most talked about culture which reflects the color and happiness in one. read about various aspects of punjabi culture and history of punjab and punjabis all around the world.
INTRODUCTION
The DHOL is a drum (a percussion musical instrument) widely used in the Indian subcontinent, especially the Punjab region, and especially among the Sikhs of East Punjab.
Apart from Punjab, Dhol has been adapted into the music of other regions throughout South Asia and abroad including Gujarat, Rajasthan, Sindh and Maharashtra. Nowadays, it is very popular in modern Punjabi music.
HISTORY OF DHOL
The dhol is a drum that dates back to the 15th century. It was probably introduced to the Indian subcontinent via the Persian drum type dohol (duhul). The evidence for this is found in Ain-i-Akbari, which describes the use of duhul in the orchestra of the Mughal emperor . The Indo-Aryan word "dhol" appears in print around 1800 in the treatise Sangitasara.
The dhol is most commonly associated with Punjabi music and dance. It was used in war by the Sikhs and later to celebrate successful harvests by Jatt peasants. This drum became the ground roots of Bhangra music as we know it today. The Dhol drum is a very common instrument played in the regions of Punjab in India and Pakistan. From North India, the Dhol spread to other parts of the Indian subcontinent as well.
DESCRIPTION OF A DHOL
The dhol is a double-sided barrel drum (straight barrels also exist) played mostly as an accompanying instrument to the traditional Punjabi dance of Bhangr
Bhangra is a form of music and dance that originated in the Punjab region of India and Pakistan. Bhangra began as a folk dance conducted by Punjabi people to celebrate the coming of Vaisakhi, a Punjabi festival. The specific moves reflect the manner in which villagers farmed their land. This musical art further became synthesized after the partition of India,
when refugees from different parts of the Punjab shared their folk dances with individuals who resided in the regions they settled in. This hybrid dance became Bhangra. The dance started from just one move and evolved later on. It has been popularized by Punjabi artists from the Sikh communities, with which it is now commonly associated. Today, bhangra survives in different forms and styles all over the globe – including pop music, film soundtracks, and even collegiate competitions.
Bhangra has developed as a combination of dances from different parts of the Punjab region. The term "Bhangra" now refers to several kinds of dances and arts, including Jhumar, Luddi, Giddha, Julli, Daankara, Dhamal, Saami, Kikli, and Gatka. Jhumar, originally from Sandalbar, Punjab, comprises an important part of Punjab folk heritage. It is a graceful dance, based on a specific Jhumar rhythm. Dancers circle around a drum player while singing a soft chorus.
A person performing the Luddi dance places one hand behind his head and the other in front of his face, while swaying his head and arms. He typically wears a plain loose shirt and sways in a snake-like manner. Like a Jhumar dancer, the Luddi dancer moves around a dhol player. Women have a different and much milder dance called Giddha.
In addition to these different dances, a Bhangra performance typically contains many energetic stunts. The most popular stunt is called the more, or peacock, in which a dancer sits on someone's shoulders, while another person hangs from his torso by his legs. Two-person towers, pyramids, and various spinning stunts are also popular.
Nowadays, because of Punjabi influence worldwide, people perform Bhangra in all parts of the world at occasions such as weddings, receptions, and parties. Bhangra has evolved from a dance and music only performed in the Punjab region, to a popular style of music and dance that people perform throughout South Asia and many parts of the world.
In the West, there are many popular artists. From United States and Canada, there are artists such as Sangeet Group of California, Jazzy Bains, and Bhinda Jatt. From England, there are DCS, Malkit Singh, B21, Safri Boyz, and Dippa.
Punjab, a region in Northern India and the east side of Pakistan, has a long history and rich cultural heritage. The people of the Punjab are called Punjabis and they speak a language called Punjabi. The three main religions in the area are Sikhism, Hinduism, and Islam. The region has been invaded and ruled by many different empires and races, including the Aryans, Persians, Greeks, Egyptians, Afghans, and Mongols. Around the time of the 15th Century, Guru Nanak Dev founded the Sikh religion, which quickly came to prominence in the region, and shortly afterwards, Maharaja Ranjit Singh reformed the Punjab into a secular and powerful state. The 19th Century saw the beginning of British rule, which led to the emergence of several heroic Punjabi freedom fighters. In 1947, at the end of British rule, the Punjab was split between Pakistan and India .
HISTORY OF PUNJAB
The history of Punjab goes back to the times of Indus Valley civilization or the arrival of the Aryans. Lord Rama is also said to have been born at a place called Ghuram, now in Patiala district. Lord Sri Krishna delivered the immortal message of the Gita at Kurukshetra, which was well within the boundary of Punjab till very recently.
Taxilla University, a great institution of learning in the past, with scholars like Charak, one of the founder of the Ayurvedic branch of medicine, Kautilya, the author of Arth-Shastra to name a few hailed from this place. Taxilla University is believed to have been situated to the east of the Indus in the modern district of Rawalpindi now in Pakistan.
The rich fertile land of Punjab lured many invaders to come galloping on horse backs, loot, plunder and go back. The Punjab, which then extended from Attock to Delhi, from Shimla hills to the borders of Rajasthan and Sind, faced these intruders bravely .The Punajbis developed into strong and strudy people who coined an appropriate phrase for themselves- ‘Eat, Drink and be Merry’, the rest Ahmed Shah Abdali will carry!
Punjabi civilization is one of the oldest on earth, with its distinguished language, culture, food, attire, script, folklore, people, etc. Punjabi langauge has its originating source in Sanskrit, i.e. the family of Indo-European group of langauges which includes Persian and Latin. Punjab has always been the land of great saints and warriors. In 450 BC (2450 years ago), Alexander invaded Punjab and conquered the mighty Punjabi king named Porus whose kingdom was on the banks of river Chenab. He did not accept defeat and asked Greek king to show him the same respect as is due to the royal kings. He was restored back to his throne by Alexander. Alexander returned to Greece right before crossing the river Beas, as his forces refused to fight. In his terrain we have a reliable resource that tells us about Punjab 2450 years ago. Not much different from today!!!
DANCES OF PUNJAB
Bhangra
Originally, Punjabis performed Bhangra to celebrate the sucess of the harvest. Now people perform Bhangra at wedding parties, receptions, birthdays, competiti
ons, and other happy occations. On the day of Baisakhi, April 13, many farmers, engineers, teachers, shop owners, and other sorts of people perform Bhangra. In the villages, with large drums, called dhols, people circle round and round leaping and laughing. Persons of all types of social classes perform Bhangra together. Even the elders occationally join the young to celebrate and dance Bhangra.
Giddha
Giddha is Punjab's most famous folkal dance for women. In Giddha, the women enact verses called bolis, folk poetry, and dance. The subject matter of these bolis include everything from arguments with the father-in-law to political affairs. The dance rhythm is set by the dhols and the distinctive hand claps of the dancers. These days, people associate Giddha with Bhangra.
FESTIVALS OF PUNJAB
There are numerous Sikh fairs and festivals. Some are of local importance as Maghi of Muktsar and Hola Mohalla of Anandpur. The most important festivals are observed by the Sikhs wherever they are.
Lohri : The Dawn of New year in Punjab SUNDER MUNDRIYE.......Hoey..... Among the popular festivals enriching the varied culture of India, is the festival of Lohri. Lohri "The Bonfire Festival" is celebrated on 13th January every year. It is a festival that marks the solar equinox and the sun starts moving towards Uttarayan (North).
Baisakhi : Baisakhi generally falls in the first half of April. It is the birthday of Khalsa. This is also a threeday-celebration at great centres and one-day celebration at other places.
Hola Mohalla : In India a festival named Holi is celebrated annually in remembrance of the legend of Prahlad. On the same day this festival is also celebrated at Anandpur Sahib in which thousands of people take part.
Love Legends In History of Punjab
Punjab has always combated invaders. Therefore the truth of life became a reality like blood in one’s veins. All this inculcated in the lovers of Punjab not only an appreciation and periscopic sense of beauty but also the courage to gift life.
Waris Shah , A Love Story: Waris Shah’s composition, the love story of Heer Ranjha takes a pre-eminent place, in what may be called the ‘qissa’ literature of Punjab. It is the story of the youngman and a young women.
Sassi Punnu : Sassi was another romantic soul, the daughter of King Adamkhan of Bhambour. At her birth the astrologers predicted that she was a curse for the royal family’s prestige. The king ordered that the child be put in a wooden chest with a ‘taweez’ tied on her neck and thrown into the river Chenab.
Sohni Mahiwaal: Sohni was the daughter of a potter named Tula, who lived in Punjab near the banks of the Chenab River. As soon as the Surahis (water pitchers) and mugs came off the wheels, she would draw floral designs on them and transform them into masterpieces of art.
Mirza Sahibaan Love Story : Mirza–Sahiban, a love-lore is a treasure of Punjabi literature. It is a romantic tragedy. Sahiban was another love-lorn soul.
LANGUAGES SPOKEN
The language of the region is Punjabi. The official written script of Punjabi in the state of Punjab in India is called Gurmukhi "(from the Mouth of the Guru)". The neighbouring Pakistani state of Punjab still maintains the Shahmukhi script; which is based on the Perso-Arabic Script. The official language of the Punjab region up till the early twentieth century was Urdu written in the Perso-Arabic Script.
ECONOMY
The historical region of Punjab is considered to be one of the most fertile regions on Earth. Both east and west Punjab produce a relatively high proportion of India and Pakistan's food output, respectively.
The agricultural output of the Punjab region in Pakistan contributes significantly to Pakistan's GDP. The region is important for wheat growing. In addition, rice, cotton, sugar cane, fruit and vegetables are also major crops. Both Indian and Pakistani Punjab are considered to have the best infrastructure of their respective countries.[8] The Indian Punjab has been estimated to be the second richest state in India (the richest being Maharashtra. Haryana is the fourth.[9] The Pakistani Punjab produces 68% of Pakistan's food grain production.[10] Its share of Pakistan's GDP has historically ranged from 51.8% to 54.7%.
Called "The Granary of India" or "The Bread Basket of India", Indian Punjab produces 1% of the world's rice, 2% of its wheat, and 2% of its cotton.[12] In 2001, it was recorded that farmers made up 39% of Indian Punjab's workforce.
FAMOUS PUNJABI SINGER
Surinder Kaur
Surinder Kaur recorded so many (could not get the accurate number, but estimated approx 2000 based on what i have heard and read) songs in her life and not only she just sang, but also introduced
----
dhaave dhaave dhaave..
raah jagraavaan de.......
mundaa parhan skoole jaave....
raah vich kurri disgi.......
mundaa dekh k neeviyaan paave......
jadd kurri door langh gi...
mundaa dabb k changheyaarhaa maare
fail karataa ni.
tain lamiye muttiyaare ...fail karataa ni.....
-----
radke radke radke....
oo rraa jagrava de....
jete jatt te baniya lad pe....
o baniye ne jatt taa leya....
baniye ne jatt taa leya te uthe bathe da kalja dhadke....
te jatt kahinda uth leen de....
o jatt kahinda uth leen de.............tere lena va kabar main khad ke...o jatt kahinda uth leen de tere dena va thoon de jad ke......o jatt kahinda uth leen de
----
Pindan vichon pind sunida,
pindan vichon pind sunida,
pind sunida maari,
uthon diyan do kurian sunidian,
ek patli ke bhari,
ho, patli da tan hogaya viah,
bhari reh gayi kuaari,
aape le jaange jihna nu lagi pyari
aape le jaange jihna nu lagi pyari
~Ik sone di shaap gharra de, utte puva de morniya, Ve teri ma muklave torniya...
~Je mundiya meri tor tu vekhni, Garrva lai de chandi da, Ve lakk hile majajan jandi da....
Assan kurriye ja teri tor ni vekhni, agg launa garrva chandi da, Ni lakk tut jau hula
re khnadi da..
~Do kaprre sile hoe ne, Bahron bhaven ruse hoe an, vichon dil taan mile hoe ne.....
~Har charkhe de gere, maahi main tainu yaad karan....
~Nit nit vagde rehan ge pani, Nit patan te mela, Bachpan nit jawani bansi, Te nit katan
da mela,
Par jo pani aj patano langda, Oh pher na aonda bhalke, Beri da poor Trinjan dian kurrian,Sada na bethan rall ke.
~Jeonda reh lambian umran jee ve pardesia, Tere bin sada jeena ki ve pardesia,
Kiddan main akhan teri aithe vi lorr ve, Bahuta chir ho gaya vaggan vatna val morr ve...
~Ik charkha gali de vich dah liya, Duja surma akhan de vich pa liya,
Ne ik teri akh kashni heeriye, Ni ik tera lak patla ni sohniye...
~Bari barsi khattan gaya si, khat ke liyande perre, Ve main na tenu like kardi, kahn
u marda besharma gerre
~Hasan lagi ton munda phul vaarda, Takan lagi ton munda dil varda...
Jachan lagi jaan ohni thori jahi hor, Patt hona udon vaarda sone de jhumke,
Munda nachan lagi ton, Varda rumal fire chum chum ke, o munda nachan lagi ton.......
~Horan de mahiye khetan ton murr paye, mere ne mang liya bi (seeds)
Mere te dhoor (dust) paougi, main Dhillon'an di dhi...
~Nach lo ni kurriyo, Hass lo ni kurriyo, Nachna Khedna reh jaouga, Koi gabru shoukeen munda lai jaouga....
maapeyan ne main rakhi ve ladli,
sohreen la layi kam ve,
mera udeya sunehri sone varga rang ve
maapeyan ne main rakhi ve ladli,
sohreen la layi chaaki ni ladliye,
so vaal painda vaakhi
maapeyan ne main rakhi ve ladli,
sohreen la le reeh ve,
aiven janam gavaya chanan vargi deh
ve
~~~~~~~
kukri oh laini, jihri kur kur kardi e
suhre nahi jaana, sus bur bur kardi e
kukri oh laini jihri aande dindi e,
suhre nahi jaana, sus tahne dindi e
~~~~~~~
chunj teri ve kaleya kaavan,
sone naal maravan,
ja aakhin mere dhol sipahi nu,
nit main aaunsiyan paavan,
khabar liya kaavan,
tainu ghiyo di choori paavan
---
kadi hoon karke kadi haan karke,
gera de de ni muteyaare lami baah karke
gera de de ni muteyaare lami baah karke
---
je kuriay mera pind ni jaandi
pind mere thakrara..
je kuriay mera khu ni jandi
khu mera thootha wala...
je kuriya mera ghar ni jandi
duro disey chawara...
je kuriay mera naa ni jandi
naa mera kartaraaa
bottle peendey da sun jatiay lalkaraa
bottle peendey da sun jatiay lalkaraa
---
Aari Aari Aari
aaj mere veerey di
pajii firu gi sali
aaj mere veerey di
pajii firu gi saali
----
Hariya hariya khaa
ni mundey di bebay nu
godey godey cha
ni mundey di bebay nu
godey godey cha
---
kala doriya kundey naal arey ayee oye
chota devera bhabi naal lari ayee oye
kukeri o leni cheri aundey dendi ay
saurey nei jana sas thaney dendi ay
kukeri o leni cheri kur kur kardi ay
saurey nei jana sas bur bur kardi ay
---
asa ta mahiya ghar de samne ucha chawara pauna
asa ta mahiya ghar de samne ucha chawara pauna
vakhre ho ke marzi kar ni apna hukam chalauna
ve rakhna ta teri marzi paike jaa ke marak naal pauna
ve rakhna ta teri marzi paike jaa ke marak naal pauna
----
ena dhadkiyan di rarey pameri boley
ena dhadkiyan di mu chauray tid poley
naankiyan ne khadey ladoo
ladoo kha ke jamey dadoo
chapar gandey boley
ena naankiyan di rarey pameri boley
dhadkiyan ne khadi sooji
sooji kha ke jamey mooji
chimay kabootar boley
ena dhadkiyan di rarey pameri boley
----
bari barsi khatan gaya si,
khat ke leyandi aari
Heth barote de dathan kare kavari
oye dathan kyon kardi
han, dandh chite rakhan de maari
oye dandh chite kyon rakhdi
han, munde patan de maari
oye munde kyon patdi
han, viah karvan de maari
viah oda nahi honda, han umar beet gi saari ....
----
es pind deyo pencho ve sar pencho lambardaro
ve mel aaya chand syon de
ve mel aaya chand syon de
zara haat ke para di naang jayo
ve badi mami jehr darni
ve badi mami jehr darni
kitey mami de haath na lag jayo
ve badi mami jehr darni
ve badi mami jehr darni
---
Gidha paya mel nachayaa
Gidha paya mel nachayaa
Ho gi jaan di thyari
haakaa ghar vajiyan
shad mitra phulkari
publc n rltnsh - dtng n romance
This is a dating again online support and help site with free adult dating advice and tips, love and romance lessons and courses to get you from lonely to romantically overbooked in 6 months time.
You agree to make a goal and commitment to do so, to study the contents on a regular basis, do your homework and practice, practice, practice, what is needed.
new web site to help you to get dating again with the opposite sex. Best of all while you learn and practice developing relationships you will get out developing many actual new friends and acquaintances that will help expand your life.
As a literary genre of high culture, romance or chivalric romance is a style of heroic prose and verse narrative that was popular in the aristocratic circles of High Medieval and Early Modern Europe. They were fantastic stories about the marvelous adventures of a chivalrous, heroic knight errant, often of super-human ability, who often goes on a quest. Popular literature also drew on themes of romance, but with ironic, satiric or burlesque intent. Romances reworked legends, fairy tales, and history to suit tastes, but by c.1600 they were out of fashion and Miguel de Cervantes famously satirised them in his novel Don Quixote.
Originally, romance literature was written in Old French, Anglo-Norman and Occitan, later, in English and German. During the early 13th century romances were increasingly written as prose. In later romances, particularly those of French origin, there is a marked tendency to emphasize themes of courtly love, such as faithfulness in adversity. From ca. 1800 the connotations of "romance" moved from the magical and fantastic to somewhat eerie "Gothic" adventure narratives.
In later Romances, particularly those of French origin, there is a marked tendency to emphasize themes of courtly love, such as faithfulness in adversity. From ca. 1800 the connotations of "romance" moved from fantastic and eerie, somewhat Gothic adventure narratives of novelists like Ann Radcliffe's The Sicilian Romance (1790) or The Romance of the Forest (1791) with erotic content to novels centered on the episodic development of a courtship that ends in marriage. With a female protagonist, during the rise of Romanticism the depiction of the course of such a courtship within contemporary conventions of realism, the female equivalent of the "novel of education", informs much Romantic fiction. In gothic novels such as Bram Stoker's Dracula, the elements of romantic seduction and desire were mingled with fear and dread.
In 1825, the Fantasy genre developed when the Swedish literary work Frithjof's saga, which was based on the Friðþjófs saga ins frœkna, became successful in England and Germany. It was translated twenty-two times into English, 20 times into German, and into many other European languages, including modern Icelandic in 1866. Their influence on authors, such as J. R. R. Tolkien, William Morris and Poul Anderson and on the subsequent modern fantasy genre is considerable. The medieval romance heroine -- like the medieval heroine more generally (e.g. from saga materials) -- is essential to the modern fantasy genre, though there is a tendency in medievalist fantasy texts to rely on reductive models of medieval patriarchy. The role of the medieval fantasy heroine is a subject of ongoing academic debate [10].
Modern usage of term "romance" usually refer to the romance novel, which is a subgenre that focuses on the relationship and romantic love between two people; these novels must have an "emotionally satisfying and optimistic ending."[11] Despite the popularity of this popular meaning of Romance, other works are still, occasionally, referred to as romances because of their uses of other elements descended from the medieval romance, or from the Romantic movement: larger-than-life heroes and heroines, drama and adventure, marvels that may become fantastic, themes of honor and loyalty, or fairy-tale-like stories and story settings. Shakespeare's later comedies, such as The Tempest or The Winter's Tale are sometimes called his romances. Modern works may differentiate from love-story as romance into different genres, such as planetary romance or Ruritanian romance.
An intimate relationship is a particularly close interpersonal relationship. It is a relationship in which the participants know or trust one another very well or are confidants of one another, or a relationship in which there is physical or emotional intimacy.
Intimate relationships play a central role in the overall human experience.[1] Humans have a universal need to belong which is satisfied when intimate relationships are formed.[2] Intimate relationships consist of the people that we are attracted to, whom we like and love, romantic and sexual relationships, and those who we marry and provide emotional and personal support.[1] Intimate relationships provide people with a social network of people that provide strong emotional attachments and fulfill our universal needs of belongingness and the need to be cared for.[1]
The systematic study of intimate relationships is a relatively new area of research within the field of social psychology that has emerged within the last few decades.[1] Although the systematic study of intimate relationships is fairly recent, social thought and analysis of intimate relationships dates back to early Greek philosophers.[1] Early scholarly studies were also interested in intimate relationships but were limited to dyads or small groups of people in the public and narrowly examined behaviours such as competing and cooperation, negotiation and bargaining and compliance and resistance.[1]
Physical intimacy is characterized by romantic or passionate love and attachment, or sexual activity.
Love is an important factor in physical and emotional intimate relationships. Though the term is notoriously difficult to define, any thoughtful inquiry into the subject will show it to be qualitatively, not only quantitatively, different than liking, and the difference is not merely in the presence or absence of sexual attraction. There are two types of love in a relationship; passionate love and companionate love. With companionate love, potent feelings diminish but are enriched by warm feelings of attachment, an authentic and enduring bond, a sense of mutual commitment, the profound knowledge that you are caring for another person who is in turn caring for you, feeling proud of a mate's accomplishment, and the satisfaction that comes from sharing goals and perspective. In contrast, passionate love is marked by infatuation, intense preoccupation with the partner, strong sexual longing, throes of ecstasy, and feelings of exhilaration that come from being reunited with the partner. [3]
People who are in an intimate relationship with one another are often called a couple, especially if the members of that couple have ascribed some degree of permanency to their relationship. Such couples often provide the emotional security that is necessary for them to accomplish other tasks, particularly forms of labor or work.
Ancient Philosophers-Aristotle
Ancient philosophers mused over ideas of marital satisfaction, faithfulness, beauty and jealousy although their concepts and understandings were often inaccurate or misleading.[1]
Over 2300 years ago, interpersonal relationship were being contemplated by Aristotle. He wrote: “One person is a friend to another if he is friendly to the other and the other is friendly to him in return” (Aristotle, 330 B.C., trans. 1991, pp 72-73). Aristotle believed that by nature humans are social beings.[2] Aristotle also suggested that there were three different types of relationships. People are attracted to relationships that provide utility because of the assistance and sense of belonging that they provide.[1] In relationships based on pleasure, people are attracted to the feelings of pleasantness and that they are engaging. [1] However, relationships based on utility and pleasure were said to be short lived if the benefits provided by one of the partners was not reciprocated. [1] In relationships based on virtue, we are attracted to others’ virtuous character. [1] Aristotle also suggested that relationships based on virtue would be the longest lasting and that virtue based relationships were the only type of relationship that each partner was liked for themselves.[1] Although Aristotle put forth much consideration about relationships, as like many other ancient philosophers, did not use systematic methods and therefore could not conclude that his thoughts and ideas were correct.[1] The philosophical analysis used by Aristotle dominated the analysis of intimate relationships until the late 1880’s.[4]
Modern psychology and sociology began to emerge in the late 1800’s. During this time theorists often included relationships into their current areas of research and began to develop new foundations which had implications in regards to the analysis of intimate relationships.[4] Freud wrote about parent-child relationships and their effect on personality development.[2] Freud’s analysis proposed that people’s childhood experiences are transferred or passed on into adult relationships by means of feelings and expectations.[4] Freud also founded the idea that individuals usually seek out marital partners who are similar to that of their opposite-sex parent.[4]
In 1891, James wrote that a person’s self concept is defined by the relationships we endure with others.[2] In 1897, Durkheim’s interest in social organization led to the examination of social isolation and alienation.[2] This was an influential discovery of intimate relationships in that Durkheim argued that being socially isolated was a key antecedent of suicide.[2] This focus on the darker side of relationships and the negative consequences associated to social isolation were what Durkheim labeled as anomie.[4] Simmel wrote about dyads, or partnerships with two people, and examined their unique properties in the 1950’s.[1] Simmel suggested that dyads require consent and engagement of both partners to maintain the relationship but noted that the relationship can be ended by the initiation of only one partner.[4] Although the theorists mentioned above sought support for their theories, their primary contributions to the study of intimate relationships were conceptual and not empirically grounded.[1]
The Rise of Empiricism
The use of empirical investigations in 1989 was a major revolution in social analysis.[4] A study conducted by Monroe [5], examined the traits and habits of children in selecting a friend. Some of the attributes included in the study were kindness, cheerfulness and honesty.[1] Monroe asked 2336 children aged 7 to 16 to identify “what kind of chum do you like best?” The results of the study indicate that children preferred a friend that was their own age, of the same sex, same in size physically, a friend with light features (hair and eyes), friends that did not engage in conflict, someone that was kind to animals and humans and finally that they were honest. The two characteristics that children reported as least important included wealth and religion [5].
The study by Monroe was the first to mark the significant shift in the study of intimate relationships from analysis that was primarily philosophical to those with empirical validity.[1] This study is said to have finally marked the beginning of relationship science.[1] However, in the years following Monroe’s influential study, very few similar studies were done. There were limited studies done on children’s friendships, courtship and marriages and families in the 1930’s but few relationship studies were conducted before or during World War II.[4] Intimate relationships did not become a broad focus of research again until the 1960’s and 1970’s when there was a vast amount of relationship studies being published.[1]
1960’s and 1970’s
An important shift was taking place in the field of social psychology that influenced the research of intimate relationships. Up until the late 1950’s, the majority of studies were non-experimental.[4] By the end of the 1960’s more than half of the articles published involved some sort of experimental manipulation.[4] The 60’s was also a time when there was a shift in methodology within the psychological discipline itself. Participants consisted mostly of college students, experimental methods and research was being conducted in laboratories and the experimental method was the dominant methodology in social psychology.[4] Experimental manipulation within the research of intimate relationships demonstrated that relationships could be studied scientifically.[1] This shift brought relationship science to the attention of scholars in other disciplines and has resulted in the study of intimate relationships being an international multidiscipline.[1]
1980’s to 2000’s
In the early 1980’s the first conference of the International Network of Personal Relationships (INPR) was held. Approximately 300 researchers from all parts of the world attended the conference.[4] In March 1984, the first journal of Social and Personal Relationships was published.[4] In the early 1990’s the INPR split off into two groups, however in April 2004 the two organizations rejoined and became the International Association for Relationship Research (IARR).[1]
Today
Today the study of intimate relationships (relationship science) uses participants from diverse samples and examines a wide variety of topics that include family relations, friendships and romantic relationships usually over a long period of time.[1] The current study of intimate relationships includes the both the positive aspects of relationships as well as negative or unpleasant aspects.
Current research being conducted by John Gottman and his colleagues involves inviting married couples into a pleasant setting, in which they revisit the disagreement that caused their last argument. Although the participants are aware that they are being videotaped, they soon become so absorbed in the interaction that they forget they are being recorded.[1] With the second-by-second analysis of the observable reactions as well as emotional reactions, Gottman is able to accurately predict with 93 percent accuracy the future fate of the couples relationship.[1]
Another current area of research within the intimate relationships is being conducted by Terri Orbuch and Joseph Veroff (2002). They are monitoring newlywed couples using self-reports over a long period of time (longitudinal). Participants are required to provide extensive reports about the nature and the status of their relationships.[1] Although many of the marriages have ended since the beginning of the study, this type of relationship study allows researchers to track marriages from start to finish by conducting follow-up interviews with the participants in order to determine what factors are associated with marriages that last and those that do not.[1] Although the field of relationship science is still relatively young, research is being conducted by researchers from many different disciplines that continues to broaden the scope of intimate relationships.[1]
Punjabi culture is one of the most talked about culture which reflects the color and happiness in one. read about various aspects of punjabi culture and history of punjab and punjabis all around the world.
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Punjabi Forum Portal is a Junction which brings to you all your favorite Punjabi music releases, news from around the world, and events happening all around the world.
Punjabi civilization is one of the oldest on earth, with its distinguished language, culture, food, attire, script, folklore, people, etc. Punjabi langauge has its originating source in Sanskrit, i.e. the family of Indo-European group of langauges which includes Persian and Latin. Punjab has always been the land of great saints and warriors. In 450 BC (2450 years ago), Alexander invaded Punjab and conquered the mighty Punjabi king named Porus whose kingdom was on the banks of river Chenab.
